![]() The numerical and optimization models were linked using MATLAB code, resulting in a Simulation–Optimization (S–O) approach. This was followed by the use of the genetic algorithm optimization model coded by the MATLAB programming with a finite difference program as a sub-routine to find the optimum position and depth for the cut-off wall. Initially, a numerical model that has been validated and coded using the finite difference method (FDM), was employed to investigate the seepage issue. In two phases, the GA-FDM model provided here satisfies the criteria of an optimal hydraulic design. The major nonlinear constraints were formulated to meet uplift pressure and exit gradient safety considerations. For the optimization formulation model, the objective function was considered to minimize the total cost of the hydraulic structure construction. A genetic algorithm program, combined with the finite difference method (GA-FDM), was developed to obtain the optimum location of the cut-off wall under the hydraulic structures to solve the seepage issues.
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